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Summary

Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery

Larry W. Lake, Russell Johns, Bill Rossen & Gary Pope

2014

496;Softcover

ISBN:978-1-61399-328-6

Society of Petroleum Engineers

A revision of the 1989 classic, Enhanced Oil Recovery by Larry Lake, this text, Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery, retains the original work's emphasis on fractional flow theory and phase behavior to explain enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. There is additional coverage on cutting edge (or current) topics, such as low-salinity EOR, steam-assisted gravity drainage, and expanded coverage on thermodynamics and foam EOR. With its frequent reinforcement of two fundamental EOR principles, lowering the mobility ratio and increasing the capillary number, it is an excellent resource for undergraduate classes.

Larry W. Lake is a professor in the Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. He holds BSE and PhD degrees in chemical engineering from Arizona State University and Rice University, respectively. Lake is the author or co-author of more than 100 technical papers and four textbooks and is the editor of three bound volumes. He has served on the SPE Board of Directors, received the 1996 Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal, and the DeGolyer Distinguished Service Award in 2002, and has been a member of the National Academy of Engineering since 1997.

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Table of Contents

• Forward
• 1. Defining Enhanced Oil Recovery
• 1.1 Introduction to EOR
• 1.2 The Need for EOR
• 1.3 Incremental Oil
• 1.4 Category Comparisons
• 1.5 Summary
• 1.6 Units and Notation
• 2. Basic Equations for Fluid Flow in Permeable Media
• 2.1 Mass Conservation
• 2.2 Definitions and Constitutive Equations for Isothermal Flow
• 2.3 Energy-Balance Equations
• 2.4 Entropy-Balance Equations
• 2.5 Special Cases of the Strong Form
• 2.6 Overall Balances
• 2.7 Summary
• 3. Petrophysics and Petrochemistry
• 3.1 Porosity and Permeability
• 3.2 Capillary Pressure
• 3.3 Relative Permeability
• 3.4 Residual Phase Saturations
• 3.5 Three-Phase Effects
• 3.6 Permeable-Media Chemistry
• 3.7 Summary
• 4. Phase Behavior and Fluid Properties
• 4.1 Fundamentals of Phase-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
• 4.2 Phase Behavior of Pure Components
• 4.3 Phase Behavior of Mixtures
• 4.4 Ternary Diagrams
• 4.5 Quantitative Representation of Two-Phase Equilibria
• 4.6 Concluding Remarks
• 5. Displacement Efficiency
• 5.1 Definitions
• 5.2 Immiscible Displacement
• 5.3 Dissipation in Immiscible Displacements
• 5.4 Ideal Miscible Displacements
• 5.5 Dissipation in Miscible Displacements
• 5.6 Generalization of Fractional-Flow Theory
• 5.7 Application to Three-Phase Flow
• 5.8 Modeling EOR Processes With Two-Phase Fractional-Flow Theory
• 5.9 Concluding Remarks
• 6. Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
• 6.1 Definitions
• 6.2 Areal Sweep Efficiency
• 6.3 Measures of Heterogeneity
• 6.4 Displacements With No Vertical Communication
• 6.5 Vertical Equilibrium
• 6.6 Special Cases of Vertical Equilibrium
• 6.7 VE Summary
• 6.8 Instability Phenomena
• 6.9 Gravity Segregation in Gas EOR
• 6.10 Summary
• 7. Solvent Methods
• 7.1 General Discussion of Solvent Flooding
• 7.2 Solvent Properties
• 7.3 Solvent and Crude-Oil Properties
• 7.4 Solvent-Water Properties
• 7.5 Solvent Phase-Behavior Experiments
• 7.6 Dispersion and Slug Processes
• 7.7 Two-Phase Flow in Solvent Floods
• 7.8 Solvent Floods With Viscious Fingering
• 7.9 Solvent Flooding and Residual Oil Saturation
• 7.10 Estimating Field Recovery
• 7.11 Concluding Remarks
• 8. Polymer Methods
• 8.1 The Polymers
• 8.2 Polymer Properties
• 8.3 Profile Control
• 8.4 Polymer Degradation
• 8.5 Fractional Flow in Polymer Floods
• 8.6 Elements of Polymer-Flood Design
• 8.7 Field Results
• 8.8 Concluding Remarks
• 9. Surfactant Methods
• 9.1 The Processes
• 9.2 The Surfactants and Surfactant Selection
• 9.3 Surfactant/Oil/Bring Phase Behavior
• 9.4 Nonideal Effects
• 9.5 Phase Behavior and IFT
• 9.6 Other Phase Properties
• 9.7 High-Capillary-Number Relative Permeabilities
• 9.8 Alkaline/Surfactant Flooding
• 9.9 Surfactant Formation
• 9.10 Displacement Mechanisms
• 9.11 Rock-Fluid Interactions
• 9.12 Fractional-Flow Theory in SP and ASP Floods
• 9.13 Typical Production Responses
• 9.14 Designing SP/ASP Floods
• 9.15 Concluding Remarks
• 10. Foam-Enhanced Oil Recovery
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Nature of Foam in Permeable Media
• 10.3 Mobility of Gas and Water in Foam
• 10.4 Strong Foams in Two Regimes
• 10.5 Foam Propagation
• 10.6 Effect of OIl and Wettability on Foam
• 10.7 Modeling Foam Flow: Mechanistic Foam Models
• 10.8 Modeling Foam Flow: Local Steady-State Models
• 10.9 Summary
• 11. Thermal Methods
• 11.1 Process Variations
• 11.2 Physical Properties
• 11.3 Fractional Flow in Thermal Displacements
• 11.4 Heat Losses From Equipment and Wellbores
• 11.5 Heat Losses to Overburden and Underburden
• 11.6 Steamdrives
• 11.7 Steam Soak
• 11.8 In-Situ Combustion
• 11.9 SAGD
• 11.10 Concluding Remarks
• Nomenclature
• References
• Author Index
• Subject Index
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